{"id":38539,"date":"2020-10-30T09:41:03","date_gmt":"2020-10-30T09:41:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drkorn-original-bu.cwis.org\/blog\/cultural-trauma-apply-an-integrative-health-approach\/"},"modified":"2024-02-01T15:41:07","modified_gmt":"2024-02-01T15:41:07","slug":"trauma-cultural-aplicando-un-enfoque-de-salud-integrativo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drkorn-original-bu.cwis.org\/es\/blog\/trauma-cultural-aplicando-un-enfoque-de-salud-integrativo\/","title":{"rendered":"Trauma Cultural: Aplicando un Enfoque de Salud Integrativo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

El estr\u00e9s y el trauma pueden ser de car\u00e1cter individual o familiar, cultural e hist\u00f3rico. El trauma cultural, el trauma hist\u00f3rico y el trauma intergeneracional son el resultado de una exposici\u00f3n prolongada o intensa al estr\u00e9s cr\u00f3nico entre miembros de grupos enteros en virtud de su pertenencia a dichos grupos. Este estr\u00e9s cr\u00f3nico se \u00abtransfiere\u00bb psicol\u00f3gica, conductual y fisiol\u00f3gicamente de generaci\u00f3n en generaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La incorporaci\u00f3n exitosa de la medicina integral y la nutrici\u00f3n requiere que entendamos c\u00f3mo la exposici\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica al estr\u00e9s y el trauma afectan al cuerpo, a la mente y a la identidad cultural del individuo. Al evaluar la etapa de estr\u00e9s en la que se encuentra alguien (ya sea agudo, cr\u00f3nico o por agotamiento) podemos identificar protocolos personalizados espec\u00edficos de dieta, nutrientes y medicina bot\u00e1nica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El or\u00edgen de los t\u00e9rminos trauma hist\u00f3rico y transmisi\u00f3n intergeneracional del trauma derivan de las observaciones hechas sobre la experiencia sociohist\u00f3rica de grupos culturales expuestos a un estr\u00e9s prolongado y al sufrimiento resultantes de la guerra, el genocidio y la violencia interpersonal, y de la transferencia de un modelo psicobioconductual de estr\u00e9s a su descendencia y las generaciones posteriores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Investigaci\u00f3n seminal realizada entre sobrevivientes del Holocausto nazi (Nadler, 1985; Yehuda et al., 1998), los jemeres de Camboya (Sack, Clarke y Seeley 1995), los indios americanos (Whitbeck, Adams, Hoyt y Chen, 2004; Brave Heart & DeBruyn, 1998) y los pueblos abor\u00edgenes (Gagne, 1998) de Am\u00e9rica del Norte y M\u00e9xico (Korn & R\u00ffser, 2006) sugieren patrones identificables de trauma y disfunci\u00f3n de la salud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El trauma hist\u00f3rico entre los indios americanos se refiere al legado de la colonizaci\u00f3n y el genocidio resultante del contacto europeo en los Estados Unidos (Whitbeck et al., 2004) , cuyos efectos persisten en la actualidad. La importancia cl\u00ednica del trauma hist\u00f3rico y su interacci\u00f3n con la exposici\u00f3n a eventos traum\u00e1ticos de por vida no est\u00e1 clara y a\u00fan no se ha dilucidado definitivamente. La atenci\u00f3n reciente se ha centrado en el papel putativo del trauma hist\u00f3rico en la funci\u00f3n neurobiol\u00f3gica (Yehuda et al., 2005) y hay alguna evidencia de que estos efectos pueden transmitirse a los estratos del desarrollo neurobiol\u00f3gico a trav\u00e9s del sistema del Eje hipotal\u00e1mico-hipofisario-adrenal (HPA, por sus siglas en ingl\u00e9s) (Gunnar y Donzella, 2002) en respuesta al trauma intergeneracional (Strickland, Walsh y Cooper, 2006). Yehuda et al. (2005) encontraron que la descendencia adulta cuyos padres hab\u00edan sobrevivido al Holocausto nazi y desarrollado Transtorno por Estr\u00e9s Postraum\u00e1tico (TEPT) ten\u00edan niveles bajos de cortisol, lo que refleja la etapa de agotamiento que Selye discutida en estudios anteriores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se hipotetiza que la transmisi\u00f3n intergeneracional del trauma ocurre durante las etapas prenatal (Yehuda et al., 2005) y perinatal del desarrollo neurobiol\u00f3gico (Schore, 2003), lo que sugiere una base te\u00f3rica para la predisposici\u00f3n al desarrollo de TEPT, depresi\u00f3n, ansiedad y vulnerabilidad, as\u00ed como al abuso de sustancias (Schore, 2003). Yehuda et al. (2005) informan que los beb\u00e9s nacidos de madres que estaban embarazadas y desarrollaron PTSD luego de su testimonio del ataque terrorista del 11 de septiembre en la ciudad de Nueva York ten\u00edan niveles de cortisol significativamente m\u00e1s bajos, lo que sugiere los efectos de la transmisi\u00f3n del eje HPA en el feto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tambi\u00e9n se observan cambios persistentes en el eje HPA en sujetos con antecedentes de abuso sexual infantil y con depresi\u00f3n mayor actual. Los hallazgos de varios estudios sugieren que la exposici\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica a experiencias traum\u00e1ticas reduce el volumen del hipocampo y que el da\u00f1o del hipocampo extingue la respuesta del cortisol al despertar sin afectar el resto del ciclo (Buchanan, Kern, Allen, Tranel y Kirschbaum, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comprender c\u00f3mo el estr\u00e9s afecta al eje HPA, al ritmo de cortisol de 24 horas, al desarrollo neurobiol\u00f3gico y cerebral es fundamental para poder realiar intervenciones que utilicen alimentos nutricionales y medicinas bot\u00e1nicas, con el fin de apoyar la funci\u00f3n neuroendocrina y HPA, restaurar el ritmo del cortisol, mejorar las conexiones cerebrales y los fosfol\u00edpidos en el cerebro para mejorar la resiliencia y recuperaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica y mental en general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para obtener m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n sobre c\u00f3mo los eventos traum\u00e1ticos afectan nuestros ritmos naturales, te invito a leer mi libro Rhythms of Recovery: Trauma, Nature, and the Body<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si eres un profesional de la salud y deseas aprender enfoques integradores para ayudar a tus pacientes, toma mi Curso de Certificaci\u00f3n de 19 horas en Medicina Nutricional e Integrativa para Profesionales de la Salud Mental<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referencias<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Brave Heart, M. Y. H., & DeBruyn, L. M. (1998). The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief.American Indian and Alaskan Native Mental health research: The Journal of the National Center, 8(2), 60\u20138.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gagne, M. (1998). The role of dependency and colonialism in generating trauma in First Nations citizens: The James Bay Cree. In Y.Danieli (Ed.), International hand-book of multigenerational legacies of trauma: Group project for holocaust survivors and their children(pp. 355\u2013372). New York: Plenum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (2002). Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(1\u20132), 199\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Korn, L., & R\u00ffser, R. (2006). Burying the umbilicus: Nutrition trauma, diabetes, and traditional medicine in rural West Mexico. In G. C. Lang (Ed.), Indigenous peoples and diabetes: Community empowerment and wellness (pp. 231\u2013277). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nadler, A., Kav-Venaki, S., & Gleitman, B. (1985). Transgenerational effects of the holocaust: Externalization of aggression in second-generation holocaust survivors. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 365\u2013369.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sack, W. H., Clarke, G. N., & Seeley, J. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder across two generations of Cambodian refugees. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(9), 1160\u20131166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schore, A. (2003). Affect regulation and the repair of the self. New York: Norton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strickland, C. J., Walsh, E., & Cooper, M. (2006). Healing fractured families: Parents\u2019 and elders\u2019 perspectives on the impact of colonization and youth suicide prevention in a Pacific Northwest American Indian tribe. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 17(1), 5\u201312.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yehuda, R., Engel, S. M., Brand, S. R., Seckl, J., Marcus, S. M., & Berkowitz, G. S.(2005). Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90(7), 4115\u20134118.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whitbeck, L. B., Adams, G. W., Hoyt, D. R., & Chen, X. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(3\u20134), 119\u2013130.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El estr\u00e9s y el trauma pueden ser individuales, familiares, culturales e hist\u00f3ricos. 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